I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained. S.D., J.J.M, J.N.L.V, E.B., D.K., A.H., L.S declare no conflicts of interest. are funded by an MRC grant (MR/N013867/1). This project is partially funded by an ongoing Cancer Research UK Programme Grant to UCL Tobacco and Alcohol Research Group (C1417/A22962) and by SPECTRUM a UK Prevention Research Partnership Consortium (MR/S037519/1). The authors have declared no competing interest. A higher BMI and lower physical activity level were associated with reduced FV intake. Living with adults only and having a higher intake of HFSS snacks were associated with an increase in HFSS meals intake. These results suggest large interindividual variability in dietary change during the first year of the pandemic, with important public health implications in individuals experiencing persistent increases in unhealthy diet choices, associated with BMI, gender, quality of life, living conditions, physical activity and other dietary behaviours.Īverage UK adult intakes of HFSS snacks and meals fluctuated across the pandemic, with the former returning to pre-pandemic levels and the latter remaining below pre-pandemic levels.įV intake was stable until the end of 2020, when the proportion meeting recommended intakes declined.Īcross the first year of the pandemic, being female and having a lower quality of life were associated with an increase in HFSS snacks intake, whereas the association of age and HFSS meals intake with HFSS snacks intake varied across the pandemic. Reduced FV intake was associated with higher body mass index (BMI) and lower physical activity. Increased monthly HFSS meals intake was associated with female gender, living with adults only and higher HFSS snacks intake. Increased monthly HFSS snacks intake was associated with female gender, lower quality of life, and - in a time-varying manner - older age and higher HFSS meals intake. The proportion meeting FV intake recommendations was stable from pre-pandemic through to August-September (70%), but decreased in November-December 2020 (67%, p=0.034). 35.2% self-reported increased (4.8 ) and 44.5% self-reported decreased (5.1 ) monthly HFSS meals portion intakes in November-December compared with pre-pandemic levels. Monthly HFSS meals portion intake decreased from pre-pandemic levels (7.1) in May-June (5.9, p<0.001), being maintained in August-September (5.9, p=0.897), and then increasing again in November-December (6.6, p<0.001), to intakes that remained lower than pre-pandemic levels (p=0.007). 48.5% self-reported increased (25.9 ) and 47.7% self-reported decreased (24.1 ) monthly HFSS snacks portion intakes in November-December compared with pre-pandemic levels. Monthly HFSS snacks portion intake increased from pre-pandemic levels (48.3) in May-June (57.6, p<0.001), decreased in August-September (43.7, p<0.001), before increasing back to pre-pandemic levels in November-December (49.2, p<0.001). Data were analysed using generalised estimating equations. In this longitudinal study, self-selected UK adults (n=1,733) completed three online surveys (May-June, August-September and November-December 2020, with a retrospective pre-pandemic component in the baseline survey), self-reporting sociodemographics, lifestyle and behaviours, including high fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) snacks, HFSS meals and fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. COVID-19 pandemic restrictions impacted dietary habits during the initial months of the pandemic, but long-term effects are unclear.
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